Presbyopia, or farsightedness, is caused by a loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye, and is considered a normal change with aging.

Glaucoma, blepharitis, and cataracts all carry increased risk with advanced age, but are considered to be abnormal and/or pathological changes.

Cigarette smoking and other poor lifestyle choices have been shown to cause decreased fertility in men. Surgeries such as hernia repair can also have a negative effect on male fertility. Sexually transmitted infection can cause fertility problems, especially if left untreated, in males and females. Frequent hot tub or spa use has also not recommended. Mild levels of sun exposure are the least likely of the above to cause infertility in men.

The male condom is the most effective when used correctly. However, if used incorrectly, carries a much higher risk of failure. The male condom is also the only method of the answer choices that also carries protection against sexually transmitted diseases.

Medroxyprogesterone acetate injection is the most effective of the listed methods. Other methods of the above carry the risk for displacement or incorrect use. The nurse should inform the client that the medroxyprogesterone acetate injection is not effective against sexually transmitted diseases.

Never twist, jerk, or rip the tick when attempting to remove them from the skin. Wear gloves or use a paper towel if they are not available. Seal the tick within a plastic bag and keep it in the freezer. If illness occurs, the tick may be useful for further testing.

Escherichia coliis a bacteria that lives in the normal flora of the intestines. However, it is also a frequent cause of urinary tract infections.Candida albicansis a fungus that frequently causes thrush and vaginitis.Mycobacterium lepraeis responsible for leprosy or Hansen's disease.Treponema pallidumis a spirochete responsible for syphilis. Lastly,Clostridium botulinumis responsible for botulism as a result of it's secretion of a neurotoxin.

HIV is easily spread through all of the listed body fluids with the exception of saliva. A person may not contract HIV through exchange of saliva during activities such as kissing or sharing eating utensils.

HIV may be contagious just days after the host is infected. Women in heterosexual relationships may become infected more easily than men due to prolonged exposure to bodily fluids. It is however, possible for men to contract HIV from an infected woman. HIV is not frequently transmitted to health care professionals. Even for those who suffer from needle-stick injuries, transmission is unlikely.