Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) binds the ADH receptors in the basolateral membrane of the collecting duct, which, through an ATP-dependent signaling cascade, synthesizes and relocates aquaporin-2 to the apical membrane of the collecting duct epithelial cells. The increase of aquaporin-2 at this membrane location facilitates increased water reabsorbtion into the bloodstream.

Insulin is a hormone that can often be associated with post-meal metabolism. The body has just eaten a meal, and is sequestering all of the nutrients and vitamins in the food. As a result, insulin is often associated with anabolic processes: glycogenesis, cholesterol and protein synthesis, and lipogenesis. Lipolysis, or the breaking down of fatty acids, is observed in periods of starvation, and therefore would not be stimulated by insulin.

After eating a carbohydrate-heavy meal, the body is not going to have any problem getting access to glucose. As a result, the body is going to activate enzymes needed for bringing glucose into cells and storing/using it. This includes glucokinase, PFK-1, and glycogen synthase. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is an enzyme used in gluconeogenesis. Since the body does not need to create glucose following the meal, this enzyme is inhibited.

The primary purpose of fermentation is to regenerate the NAD⁺that was reduced to NADH during glycolysis. This is essential because the cell will need that NAD⁺to be able to go through glycolysis. In anaerobic environments, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain cease to function, leaving glycolysis as the primary metabolic process for the cell to generate ATP. NAD⁺is an essential reactant for glycolysis, but is rapidly consumed when the electron transport chain is not running. Fermentation takes place in order to replenish this reactant and allow glycolysis to continue.

Ethanol and lactic acid can be products of fermentation, but are not the primary purpose for fermentation. No oxygen or ATP is generated during this process.

During aerobic metabolism, a single glucose molecule produces significantly more ATP molecules than during anaerobic metabolism. The exact number depends on a number of things, including the organism, cell type, and NADH shuttle. Aerobic metabolism of glucose produces more reduced coenzymes, which drop off their electrons at the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Electron transport provides energy to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. Both processes produce pyruvate.