Full disclosure: this is an incredibly difficult question. For one thing, many law students don’t understand what actually happened inMarbury v. Madison—it’s a VERY complicated case. For another, there are words like “jurisprudence” and “habeas corpus” that sound very official and legal (they are!) but are no doubt confusing. Thus, if you got the answer correct, give yourself a pat on the back. Great job! If you didn’t, don’t worry; (hopefully) everything will make sense by the end of this.

To begin with, you have one major hint to help you eliminate answers—the inclusion of the authoring Justice. In plain English, every answer is preceded by “Chief Justice [NAME].” This is huge! If you can remember the court era, you can parse down the answers to two choices—both answers beginning with “Chief Justice John Marshall.”

Before going into that rather detailed explanation, however, let’s briefly discuss why the other answers are all incorrect. To begin with, the one beginning "Justice Scalia" can’t be right. First, he is a current Supreme Court Justice and, contrary to popular belief, he is not 200 years old. Second, unless you’re a bankruptcy law guru, you should have no idea what §506(a) and “cram down” are. These are what we call “red herrings”—false leads.

接下来的两个错误答案必须是那些开始“Chief Justice Roger B. Taney.” The one involving habeas corpus is a real case, albeit massively oversimplified, but wrong for two reasons: (1) Taney didn’t write that opinion (hard to write when you’re dead), Salmon P. Chase did; and (2)Marbury人生保护令的悬架有限公司无关rpus. The answer involving African Americans is also a real case, written by Taney, nonetheless, but over the wrong subject matter! (Question: Do you remember the case name?)

This leaves us with the two answers beginning “Chief Justice John Marshall.” The one involving the Federalists is wrong for several reasons. To begin with, Marshall was likely sympathetic to the Federalist cause, having been appointed by a Federalist president (do you remember who?) and confirmed by an overwhelmingly Federalist Congress. Moreover, the underlying suit was not about removing Marbury from his post as Justice of the Peace, but about Marbury being allowed to become a Justice of the Peace.

Now, the reason for the correct answer! Remember that Marbury was appointed as Justice of the Peace by outgoing president John Adams. To make a very complicated matter short(er) and less complicated, there was a hiccup with Marbury’s “commission”—that is, essentially, the piece of paper that allowed him to begin working as Justice of the Peace. In order to resolve this hiccup, Marbury did the very American thing and sued. Specifically, he sought awrit of mandamus, which is a court order compelling an official to do something. If you guessed that he wanted the official, Madison in this case, to hand over his commission, you are correct. Chief Justice Marshall more or less expressed his sympathies for Marbury’s plight, but said he could not issue thewrit of mandamusbecause the statute (the Judiciary Act of 1789) on which Marbury relied for jurisdiction* was UNCONSTITUTIONAL. This case, then, is the first articulation of the Supreme Court’s power of Judicial Review.Remember: Judicial Review means the Supreme Court ([now] comprised of 9 unelected men and women) can declare that a law, passed by [at least] a majority of both chambers of Congress and signed into law by the somewhat-publicly elected President is void! By doing so, Marshall reminded America that the Supreme Court was a force to be reckoned with—that although they did not control the armies or the treasury as the President and Congress do, they had just as much power as the other two branches.

* Jurisdiction essentially means that a particular court is allowed to hear your case; because courts are of limited jurisdiction, they can only hear certain cases (please be aware this is a massive oversimplification). Take, for example, a court that deals with eviction proceedings—do you think that court has the jurisdiction to hear a case involving petty theft?

No tricks on this question—more rote memorization.Mapp v. Ohiois the correct answer. The facts of the case are actually pretty interesting and I encourage you to look them up (teaser: it involves a fake search warrant and the Ms. Mapp shoving the “search warrant” down her dress). At any rate, Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the majority opinion incorporating the Fourth Amendment right to be free fromunreasonablesearch and seizure.

The others are all incorrect.Escobedo v. Illinoisinvolved the right to counsel during interrogations;Miranda v. Arizonainvolved the right to be told you have a right to counsel;Giddeon v. Wainrightincorporated the right to indigent counsel; andMiller v. United Statesis a rather obscure case touching on the Second Amendment.

Scott v. Sanfordwas the case of whether a slave (Scott) was considered free if the slave was taken to a free state and then brought back into a slave state. The Supreme Court declared that it actually couldn’t hear the case because Scott was not a citizen, since he was black and the descendant of slaves, even though he was born in the United States. This outraged many abolitionists and is considered the worst decision in the history of the court by many scholars. There was never an official court case that overturned this case, but the 14^thAmendment is considered to have essentially overturned it. The 14^thAmendment made it so that anyone born in the United States is a citizen. Its immediate effect was to grant citizenship to all former slaves, as the Amendment was added right after the Civil War.

The police admitted that the search was illegal in this instance, even though they discovered obscene materials and charged Mapp with a crime. The appellant, Mapp, argued to the Supreme Court that it was a situation where expressing herself in her own privacy was protected by the 1^stAmendment, but the Court ruled in her favor through the 4^thAmendment. The 4^thAmendment protects against unlawful search and seizure, and bestows the right of security in one’s home. The exclusionary rule allows for much evidence to be ruled inadmissible as evidence in court.

The Supreme Court ruled that so long as there were separate facilities for both black and white people and both facilities were kept in equal condition, then segregation was legal. The Court argued that the equal protection clause in the14^thAmendmentwas not violated so long as theseparatefacilities wereequal. This case held precedent until theBrown v. Board of Educationdecision in 1954, when separate-but-equal became legally arbitrary.

In 1919, the Supreme Court ruled that these situations should be taken on a case by case basis, due to the uniqueness of each emergency situation and the character involved. In this instance, they found Schenck to be adangerto the military by creating dissension amongst the ranks and potential draftees with his peaceful pamphlet distribution. The clear and present danger test was used by the Court as a measuring stick of the detriment Schenck committed and whether or not his actions would create problems that could be remedied by the Court’s decision.

This case is so important because of the definitive line drawn between states’ rights and federal rights. Chief Justice John Marshall explicated that thecommerce clauseestablished Congress as the penultimate adjudicator of interstate commerce, and state laws take stride from Congress’ lead in all such matters.

The Supreme Court determined that Johnson was protected under his 1^stAmendment right of free expression, especially because his act was inherently political. It is not in the hands of officials to determine the sanctity of symbols, as that would go directly against the 1^stAmendment. Neither disgust nor disapproval constitutes enough legal weight to restrict expressiveness.

This is a very difficult question—for two reasons: first, there are twocorrectanswers, but only one that is best, which is what the question asks you to choose. Second, this is a fairly abstract case, although one that is very important in terms an “era” of the court. Regardless, thebestanswer is “[Lochner’s] analysis of the right to freely contract . . .” although “[Lochner’s] analysis of the right to freely contract . . .” is also correct. The former is the best answer because it includes the most important fact surrounding the case: that it established as precedent the right to freely contract as a libertyguaranteedby the 14th Amendment.

In this Supreme Court decision, Brandenburg’s freedom of speech and equal protection of rights under the 1^stand 14^thAmendments were constitutionally upheld. The court found that his speech would not result in direct criminal activity, despite its abrasive nature, and was thus protected.