“克伦”这个名字是构成缅甸少数民族的二十多个亚民族的统称。缅甸是东南亚的一个发展中国家，正遭受着现代历史上最长的内战。许多克伦人流离失所，被迫作为难民生活在泰国，在那里他们缺乏公民身份和基本人权。历史上，缅甸的暴力迫使克伦人迁移到缅甸东部高地，许多人因信仰基督教而受到迫害。克伦族的一些成员遭受酷刑，而其他人则被迫成为奴隶。今天，克伦人仍然在许多层面上挣扎着摆脱动荡的历史，包括语言上的历史。

“卡伦”一词的起源一直存在争议。《牛津词典》指出，“卡伦”一词的起源来自缅甸语“卡伦”，意思是“野蛮、不洁的人”。然而，关于“卡伦”一词的缅甸语是“ka-reng”还是“kayin”尚不明确。根据研究克伦人的最重要学者尼克·奇斯曼(Nick Cheesman)的说法，“克伦”是缅甸语“kayin”的英语化，这个词的直接翻译是未知的。一种说法是，“kayin”是“土著居民”的意思，但另一种说法是“山上的野牛”。

《牛津词典》并没有解释围绕“Karen”词源的模糊性，而是提供了不准确的信息。它对“克伦”一词的代表一直是克伦人痛苦的根源，他们讨厌将自己与“野蛮、不洁的人”的描述联系在一起。克伦人民已经遭受了许多动乱和压迫;对他们身份起源的描述只会加深他们的困境。

鉴于“卡伦”一词起源的不确定性，以及牛津词典目前对克伦人造成的痛苦，一些活动家敦促牛津词典将列出的起源从“野生的，不洁的人”改为“土著人”。“土著人”一词与“野蛮的、不干净的人”同样准确，如果不是更准确的话，并且不会冒犯它试图描述的民众。然而，推动变革将是一项具有挑战性的努力。如果《牛津词典》承认它在定义上犯了错误，它可能会受到严格审查。然而，在允许克伦人继续受苦和承认错误这两种选择之间，后者更为温和。

最后一段的主要目的是:

“克伦”这个名字是构成缅甸少数民族的二十多个亚民族的统称。缅甸是东南亚的一个发展中国家，正遭受着现代历史上最长的内战。许多克伦人流离失所，被迫作为难民生活在泰国，在那里他们缺乏公民身份和基本人权。历史上，缅甸的暴力迫使克伦人迁移到缅甸东部高地，许多人因信仰基督教而受到迫害。克伦族的一些成员遭受酷刑，而其他人则被迫成为奴隶。今天，克伦人仍然在许多层面上挣扎着摆脱动荡的历史，包括语言上的历史。

“卡伦”一词的起源一直存在争议。《牛津词典》指出，“卡伦”一词的起源来自缅甸语“卡伦”，意思是“野蛮、不洁的人”。然而，关于“卡伦”一词的缅甸语是“ka-reng”还是“kayin”尚不明确。根据研究克伦人的最重要学者尼克·奇斯曼(Nick Cheesman)的说法，“克伦”是缅甸语“kayin”的英语化，这个词的直接翻译是未知的。一种说法是，“kayin”是“土著居民”的意思，但另一种说法是“山上的野牛”。

《牛津词典》并没有解释围绕“Karen”词源的模糊性，而是提供了不准确的信息。它对“克伦”一词的代表一直是克伦人痛苦的根源，他们讨厌将自己与“野蛮、不洁的人”的描述联系在一起。克伦人民已经遭受了许多动乱和压迫;对他们身份起源的描述只会加深他们的困境。

鉴于“卡伦”一词起源的不确定性，以及牛津词典目前对克伦人造成的痛苦，一些活动家敦促牛津词典将列出的起源从“野生的，不洁的人”改为“土著人”。“土著人”一词与“野蛮的、不干净的人”同样准确，如果不是更准确的话，并且不会冒犯它试图描述的民众。然而，推动变革将是一项具有挑战性的努力。如果《牛津词典》承认它在定义上犯了错误，它可能会受到严格审查。然而，在允许克伦人继续受苦和承认错误这两种选择之间，后者更为温和。

作者在第二段使用“英语化”这个词很可能是为了

改编自最后的人玛丽·雪莱(1826年)

我完成了我的使命;我看到卡拉扎了。他有些吃惊;他说，他会看看能做些什么，但这需要时间，雷蒙德命令我中午之前回去。不可能在这么短的时间内影响到任何事情。我必须待到第二天，或者在向将军报告了目前的情况后再回来。我的选择很容易。一种不安，一种对即将发生的事情的恐惧，一种对雷蒙德目的的怀疑，促使我立即回到他的住处。离开七塔后，我骑马向东奔向甜水河。我走了一条迂回的路，主要是为了到前面提到的那座山顶去，从那里可以看到城市的景色。 I had my glass with me. The city basked under the noon-day sun, and the venerable walls formed its picturesque boundary. Immediately before me was the Top Kapou, the gate near which Mahomet had made the breach by which he entered the city. Trees gigantic and aged grew near; before the gate I discerned a crowd of moving human figures—with intense curiosity I lifted my glass to my eye. I saw Lord Raymond on his charger; a small company of officers had gathered about him, and behind was a promiscuous concourse of soldiers and subalterns, their discipline lost, their arms thrown aside; no music sounded, no banners streamed. The only flag among them was one which Raymond carried; he pointed with it to the gate of the city. The circle round him fell back. With angry gestures he leapt from his horse, and seizing a hatchet that hung from his saddle-bow, went with the apparent intention of battering down the opposing gate. A few men came to aid him; their numbers increased; under their united blows the obstacle was vanquished, gate, portcullis, and fence were demolished, and the wide sun-lit way, leading to the heart of the city, now lay open before them. The men shrank back; they seemed afraid of what they had already done, and stood as if they expected some Mighty Phantom to stalk in offended majesty from the opening. Raymond sprung lightly on his horse, grasped the standard, and with words which I could not hear (but his gestures, being their fit accompaniment, were marked by passionate energy), he seemed to adjure their assistance and companionship; even as he spoke, the crowd receded from him. Indignation now transported him; his words I guessed were fraught with disdain—then turning from his coward followers, he addressed himself to enter the city alone. His very horse seemed to back from the fatal entrance; his dog, his faithful dog, lay moaning and supplicating in his path—in a moment more, he had plunged the rowels into the sides of the stung animal, who bounded forward, and he, the gateway passed, was galloping up the broad and desert street.

在此之前，我的灵魂只在我的眼睛里。我惊奇地凝视着，恐惧和热情交织在一起。后一种感觉现在占了上风。我忘记了我们之间的距离:“我和你一起去，雷蒙德!”我叫了起来，但是我的眼睛从玻璃上移开，我几乎看不清离我大约一英里远的人群，他们围着大门。雷蒙德的形象消失了。我被不耐烦刺痛了，用马刺用力催促我的马，松开缰绳，从斜坡上下来，这样，在危险到来之前，我就可以来到我高贵的、神一样的朋友身边。当我到达平原时，许多建筑物和树木挡住了我的视线，把城市遮住了。但就在这时，传来了撞击声。雷鸣般的声音在天空中回荡，而空气也变暗了。 A moment more and the old walls again met my sight, while over them hovered a murky cloud; fragments of buildings whirled above, half seen in smoke, while flames burst out beneath, and continued explosions filled the air with terrific thunders. Flying from the mass of falling ruin which leapt over the high walls, and shook the ivy towers, a crowd of soldiers made for the road by which I came; I was surrounded, hemmed in by them, unable to get forward. My impatience rose to its utmost; I stretched out my hands to the men; I conjured them to turn back and save their General, the conqueror of Stamboul, the liberator of Greece; tears, aye tears, in warm flow gushed from my eyes—I would not believe in his destruction, yet every mass that darkened the air seemed to bear with it a portion of the martyred Raymond. Horrible sights were shaped to me in the turbid cloud that hovered over the city; and my only relief was derived from the struggles I made to approach the gate. Yet when I affected my purpose, all I could discern within the precincts of the massive walls was a city of fire: the open way through which Raymond had ridden was enveloped in smoke and flame. After an interval the explosions ceased, but the flames still shot up from various quarters; the dome of St. Sophia had disappeared. Strange to say (the result perhaps of the concussion of air occasioned by the blowing up of the city), huge, white thunder clouds lifted themselves up from the southern horizon, and gathered overhead; they were the first blots on the blue expanse that I had seen for months, and amidst this havoc and despair they inspired pleasure. The vault above became obscured, lightning flashed from the heavy masses, followed instantaneously by crashing thunder; then the big rain fell. The flames of the city bent beneath it, and the smoke and dust arising from the ruins was dissipated.

这篇文章的主要目的很可能是__________．

改编自最后的人玛丽·雪莱(1826年)

我完成了我的使命;我看到卡拉扎了。他有些吃惊;他说，他会看看能做些什么，但这需要时间，雷蒙德命令我中午之前回去。不可能在这么短的时间内影响到任何事情。我必须待到第二天，或者在向将军报告了目前的情况后再回来。我的选择很容易。一种不安，一种对即将发生的事情的恐惧，一种对雷蒙德目的的怀疑，促使我立即回到他的住处。离开七塔后，我骑马向东奔向甜水河。我走了一条迂回的路，主要是为了到前面提到的那座山顶去，从那里可以看到城市的景色。 I had my glass with me. The city basked under the noon-day sun, and the venerable walls formed its picturesque boundary. Immediately before me was the Top Kapou, the gate near which Mahomet had made the breach by which he entered the city. Trees gigantic and aged grew near; before the gate I discerned a crowd of moving human figures—with intense curiosity I lifted my glass to my eye. I saw Lord Raymond on his charger; a small company of officers had gathered about him, and behind was a promiscuous concourse of soldiers and subalterns, their discipline lost, their arms thrown aside; no music sounded, no banners streamed. The only flag among them was one which Raymond carried; he pointed with it to the gate of the city. The circle round him fell back. With angry gestures he leapt from his horse, and seizing a hatchet that hung from his saddle-bow, went with the apparent intention of battering down the opposing gate. A few men came to aid him; their numbers increased; under their united blows the obstacle was vanquished, gate, portcullis, and fence were demolished, and the wide sun-lit way, leading to the heart of the city, now lay open before them. The men shrank back; they seemed afraid of what they had already done, and stood as if they expected some Mighty Phantom to stalk in offended majesty from the opening. Raymond sprung lightly on his horse, grasped the standard, and with words which I could not hear (but his gestures, being their fit accompaniment, were marked by passionate energy), he seemed to adjure their assistance and companionship; even as he spoke, the crowd receded from him. Indignation now transported him; his words I guessed were fraught with disdain—then turning from his coward followers, he addressed himself to enter the city alone. His very horse seemed to back from the fatal entrance; his dog, his faithful dog, lay moaning and supplicating in his path—in a moment more, he had plunged the rowels into the sides of the stung animal, who bounded forward, and he, the gateway passed, was galloping up the broad and desert street.

在此之前，我的灵魂只在我的眼睛里。我惊奇地凝视着，恐惧和热情交织在一起。后一种感觉现在占了上风。我忘记了我们之间的距离:“我和你一起去，雷蒙德!”我叫了起来，但是我的眼睛从玻璃上移开，我几乎看不清离我大约一英里远的人群，他们围着大门。雷蒙德的形象消失了。我被不耐烦刺痛了，用马刺用力催促我的马，松开缰绳，从斜坡上下来，这样，在危险到来之前，我就可以来到我高贵的、神一样的朋友身边。当我到达平原时，许多建筑物和树木挡住了我的视线，把城市遮住了。但就在这时，传来了撞击声。雷鸣般的声音在天空中回荡，而空气也变暗了。 A moment more and the old walls again met my sight, while over them hovered a murky cloud; fragments of buildings whirled above, half seen in smoke, while flames burst out beneath, and continued explosions filled the air with terrific thunders. Flying from the mass of falling ruin which leapt over the high walls, and shook the ivy towers, a crowd of soldiers made for the road by which I came; I was surrounded, hemmed in by them, unable to get forward. My impatience rose to its utmost; I stretched out my hands to the men; I conjured them to turn back and save their General, the conqueror of Stamboul, the liberator of Greece; tears, aye tears, in warm flow gushed from my eyes—I would not believe in his destruction, yet every mass that darkened the air seemed to bear with it a portion of the martyred Raymond. Horrible sights were shaped to me in the turbid cloud that hovered over the city; and my only relief was derived from the struggles I made to approach the gate. Yet when I affected my purpose, all I could discern within the precincts of the massive walls was a city of fire: the open way through which Raymond had ridden was enveloped in smoke and flame. After an interval the explosions ceased, but the flames still shot up from various quarters; the dome of St. Sophia had disappeared. Strange to say (the result perhaps of the concussion of air occasioned by the blowing up of the city), huge, white thunder clouds lifted themselves up from the southern horizon, and gathered overhead; they were the first blots on the blue expanse that I had seen for months, and amidst this havoc and despair they inspired pleasure. The vault above became obscured, lightning flashed from the heavy masses, followed instantaneously by crashing thunder; then the big rain fell. The flames of the city bent beneath it, and the smoke and dust arising from the ruins was dissipated.

“圣索菲亚圆顶”的主要功能是__________．

改编自最后的人玛丽·雪莱(1826年)

我完成了我的使命;我看到卡拉扎了。他有些吃惊;他说，他会看看能做些什么，但这需要时间，雷蒙德命令我中午之前回去。不可能在这么短的时间内影响到任何事情。我必须待到第二天，或者在向将军报告了目前的情况后再回来。我的选择很容易。一种不安，一种对即将发生的事情的恐惧，一种对雷蒙德目的的怀疑，促使我立即回到他的住处。离开七塔后，我骑马向东奔向甜水河。我走了一条迂回的路，主要是为了到前面提到的那座山顶去，从那里可以看到城市的景色。 I had my glass with me. The city basked under the noon-day sun, and the venerable walls formed its picturesque boundary. Immediately before me was the Top Kapou, the gate near which Mahomet had made the breach by which he entered the city. Trees gigantic and aged grew near; before the gate I discerned a crowd of moving human figures—with intense curiosity I lifted my glass to my eye. I saw Lord Raymond on his charger; a small company of officers had gathered about him, and behind was a promiscuous concourse of soldiers and subalterns, their discipline lost, their arms thrown aside; no music sounded, no banners streamed. The only flag among them was one which Raymond carried; he pointed with it to the gate of the city. The circle round him fell back. With angry gestures he leapt from his horse, and seizing a hatchet that hung from his saddle-bow, went with the apparent intention of battering down the opposing gate. A few men came to aid him; their numbers increased; under their united blows the obstacle was vanquished, gate, portcullis, and fence were demolished, and the wide sun-lit way, leading to the heart of the city, now lay open before them. The men shrank back; they seemed afraid of what they had already done, and stood as if they expected some Mighty Phantom to stalk in offended majesty from the opening. Raymond sprung lightly on his horse, grasped the standard, and with words which I could not hear (but his gestures, being their fit accompaniment, were marked by passionate energy), he seemed to adjure their assistance and companionship; even as he spoke, the crowd receded from him. Indignation now transported him; his words I guessed were fraught with disdain—then turning from his coward followers, he addressed himself to enter the city alone. His very horse seemed to back from the fatal entrance; his dog, his faithful dog, lay moaning and supplicating in his path—in a moment more, he had plunged the rowels into the sides of the stung animal, who bounded forward, and he, the gateway passed, was galloping up the broad and desert street.

在此之前，我的灵魂只在我的眼睛里。我惊奇地凝视着，恐惧和热情交织在一起。后一种感觉现在占了上风。我忘记了我们之间的距离:“我和你一起去，雷蒙德!”我叫了起来，但是我的眼睛从玻璃上移开，我几乎看不清离我大约一英里远的人群，他们围着大门。雷蒙德的形象消失了。我被不耐烦刺痛了，用马刺用力催促我的马，松开缰绳，从斜坡上下来，这样，在危险到来之前，我就可以来到我高贵的、神一样的朋友身边。当我到达平原时，许多建筑物和树木挡住了我的视线，把城市遮住了。但就在这时，传来了撞击声。雷鸣般的声音在天空中回荡，而空气也变暗了。 A moment more and the old walls again met my sight, while over them hovered a murky cloud; fragments of buildings whirled above, half seen in smoke, while flames burst out beneath, and continued explosions filled the air with terrific thunders. Flying from the mass of falling ruin which leapt over the high walls, and shook the ivy towers, a crowd of soldiers made for the road by which I came; I was surrounded, hemmed in by them, unable to get forward. My impatience rose to its utmost; I stretched out my hands to the men; I conjured them to turn back and save their General, the conqueror of Stamboul, the liberator of Greece; tears, aye tears, in warm flow gushed from my eyes—I would not believe in his destruction, yet every mass that darkened the air seemed to bear with it a portion of the martyred Raymond. Horrible sights were shaped to me in the turbid cloud that hovered over the city; and my only relief was derived from the struggles I made to approach the gate. Yet when I affected my purpose, all I could discern within the precincts of the massive walls was a city of fire: the open way through which Raymond had ridden was enveloped in smoke and flame. After an interval the explosions ceased, but the flames still shot up from various quarters; the dome of St. Sophia had disappeared. Strange to say (the result perhaps of the concussion of air occasioned by the blowing up of the city), huge, white thunder clouds lifted themselves up from the southern horizon, and gathered overhead; they were the first blots on the blue expanse that I had seen for months, and amidst this havoc and despair they inspired pleasure. The vault above became obscured, lightning flashed from the heavy masses, followed instantaneously by crashing thunder; then the big rain fell. The flames of the city bent beneath it, and the smoke and dust arising from the ruins was dissipated.

作者提到“杂乱的大厅”很可能是为了__________．

改编自导言一位美国农民的来信(Crevecoeur;(1782)沃伦·巴顿·布莱克

除了归化，作者一位美国农民的来信他不是美国人，也不是普通的农民。然而，为什么要为他的书命名，或者为他的签名“J.赫克托·圣约翰”而争吵呢?在他的扉页和美国传记作家中，“赫克托”只是一个名字Prenom de faint？我们应该向这本如此迷人的书的作者——18世纪的梭罗——做出一些让步。他的生活当然比真实的梭罗更有趣，而且会比真实的梭罗更有趣，即使他的生活没有太多矛盾。我们对那种生活的记录是极不准确的;他自己对不止一件事情的日期也不准确。然而，记录表明Crèvecoeur属于诺曼底的娇小贵族。他的出生日期是1735年1月31日，地点是卡昂，他的全名(他的曾孙和传记作者担保)是米歇尔-纪尧姆-让·德Crèvecoeur。这孩子受到了很好的教育，但他的出生赋予了他应有的权利，他没有得到更多的关注;他在卡昂度过了他的童年时光，卡昂是他父亲的城镇住宅所在的地方，而杜山学院是耶稣会士让他接受教育的地方。一封1785年写给他孩子们的信，讲述了我们所知道的他学生时代的一切; though it is said, too, that he distinguished himself in mathematics. "If you only knew," the reminiscent father of a family exclaims in this letter, "in what shabby lodging, in what a dark and chilly closet, I was mewed up at your age; with what severity I was treated; how I was fed and dressed!" Already his powers of observation, that were so to distinguish him, were quickened by his old-world milieu.

“从我最年轻的时候起，”他在1803年写道，“我就热衷于收藏我遇到的所有古董:虫蛀的家具、挂毯、家庭肖像、哥特式手稿(我已经学会了如何破译)对我来说有一种说不出的魅力。不久之后，我喜欢在墓地的幽静处散步，检查坟墓，寻找长满青苔的墓志铭。我知道这个州的大部分教堂，知道它们建立的日期，知道它们所包含的有趣的图片和雕塑。”

这个男孩的准确而敏锐的观察天赋很快就要受到一类截然不同的物体的考验;在美国的森林里，不会有破碎的圣徒和卧房新郎的油画供他学习，不会有他的国家过去的伟大和他家族的荣誉的提醒。

从学校毕业后，这位未来的樵夫来到了英国。一个远房亲戚住在索尔兹伯里附近;出于这样或那样的原因，男孩被送到那里完成学业。他从英国出发，怀着我们不知道的动机，前往新世界，在那里度过他最繁忙和最快乐的日子。在《新美国文献》中，里奇发表声明说Crèvecoeur在纵泳时只有16岁，其他人也犯了同样的错误。这孩子的年龄实际上不少于十九或二十岁。根据家族传说，他的船在出海时停靠在里斯本;人们无法确定这是在大地震之前还是之后。然后去了新法兰西，在那里他加入了蒙特卡姆。他以军校学员身份入伍，后来晋升为中尉; was mentioned in the Gazette; shared in the French successes; drew maps of the forests and block-houses that found their way to the king's cabinet; served with Montcalm in the attack upon Fort William Henry. With that the record is broken off: we can less definitely associate his name with the humiliation of the French in America than with their brief triumphs. Yet it is quite certain, says Robert de Crèvecoeur, his descendant, that he did not return to France with the rag-tag of the defeated army. Quebec fell before Wolfe's attack in September 1759; at some time in the course of the year 1760 we may suppose the young officer to have entered the British colonies, to have adopted his family name of "Saint John" (Saint-Jean), and to have gradually worked his way south, probably by the Hudson. The reader of the信很难想象他会喜欢他的边疆生活;也没有任何办法知道这种生活在多大程度上是他的财富。后来，他发现自己已经南下到了宾夕法尼亚州。他访问了希彭斯堡、兰开斯特和卡莱尔;也许他住在这些城镇中的一个或附近。许多年后，当他的儿子路易斯从利文斯通大臣那里购买了一个200英亩的农场，在蓝山附近的纳维斯克，Crèvecoeur老人仍然记得，可能就是在这个时期，他访问了这个地方。在蒙特卡姆手下服役期间，Crèvecoeur看到了五大湖和边远地区的一些景象;在他成为一名修行者之前，事实上，在他定居下来之后，他“像柏拉图一样旅行”，据他自己说，他甚至去过百慕大。然而，直到1764年，我们才有关于他下落的确凿证据;正是在那一年的四月，他在纽约拿到了入籍文件。 Some months later, he installed himself on the farm variously called Greycourt and Pine-Hill, in the same state; he drained a great marsh there, and seems to have practiced agriculture upon a generous scale. The certificate of the marriage of Crèvecoeur to Mehitable Tippet, of Yonkers is dated September 20, 1769, and of this union three children were the issue. And more than children: for with the marriage ceremony once performed by the worthy Tetard, a clergyman of New York, formerly settled over a French Reformed Church at Charleston, South Carolina, Crèvecoeur is more definitely than ever the "American Farmer"; he has thrown in his lot with that new country; his children are to be called after their parent's adopted name, Saint-John; the responsibilities of the adventurer are multiplied; his life in America has become a matter more easy to trace and richer, perhaps, in meaning.

作者最有可能详细说明Crèvecoeur在军队的时间主要是为了__________．

改编自导言一位美国农民的来信(Crevecoeur;(1782)沃伦·巴顿·布莱克

除了归化，作者一位美国农民的来信他不是美国人，也不是普通的农民。然而，为什么要为他的书命名，或者为他的签名“J.赫克托·圣约翰”而争吵呢?在他的扉页和美国传记作家中，“赫克托”只是一个名字Prenom de faint？我们应该向这本如此迷人的书的作者——18世纪的梭罗——做出一些让步。他的生活当然比真实的梭罗更有趣，而且会比真实的梭罗更有趣，即使他的生活没有太多矛盾。我们对那种生活的记录是极不准确的;他自己对不止一件事情的日期也不准确。然而，记录表明Crèvecoeur属于诺曼底的娇小贵族。他的出生日期是1735年1月31日，地点是卡昂，他的全名(他的曾孙和传记作者担保)是米歇尔-纪尧姆-让·德Crèvecoeur。这孩子受到了很好的教育，但他的出生赋予了他应有的权利，他没有得到更多的关注;他在卡昂度过了他的童年时光，卡昂是他父亲的城镇住宅所在的地方，而杜山学院是耶稣会士让他接受教育的地方。一封1785年写给他孩子们的信，讲述了我们所知道的他学生时代的一切; though it is said, too, that he distinguished himself in mathematics. "If you only knew," the reminiscent father of a family exclaims in this letter, "in what shabby lodging, in what a dark and chilly closet, I was mewed up at your age; with what severity I was treated; how I was fed and dressed!" Already his powers of observation, that were so to distinguish him, were quickened by his old-world milieu.

“从我最年轻的时候起，”他在1803年写道，“我就热衷于收藏我遇到的所有古董:虫蛀的家具、挂毯、家庭肖像、哥特式手稿(我已经学会了如何破译)对我来说有一种说不出的魅力。不久之后，我喜欢在墓地的幽静处散步，检查坟墓，寻找长满青苔的墓志铭。我知道这个州的大部分教堂，知道它们建立的日期，知道它们所包含的有趣的图片和雕塑。”

这个男孩的准确而敏锐的观察天赋很快就要受到一类截然不同的物体的考验;在美国的森林里，不会有破碎的圣徒和卧房新郎的油画供他学习，不会有他的国家过去的伟大和他家族的荣誉的提醒。

从学校毕业后，这位未来的樵夫来到了英国。一个远房亲戚住在索尔兹伯里附近;出于这样或那样的原因，男孩被送到那里完成学业。他从英国出发，怀着我们不知道的动机，前往新世界，在那里度过他最繁忙和最快乐的日子。在《新美国文献》中，里奇发表声明说Crèvecoeur在纵泳时只有16岁，其他人也犯了同样的错误。这孩子的年龄实际上不少于十九或二十岁。根据家族传说，他的船在出海时停靠在里斯本;人们无法确定这是在大地震之前还是之后。然后去了新法兰西，在那里他加入了蒙特卡姆。他以军校学员身份入伍，后来晋升为中尉; was mentioned in the Gazette; shared in the French successes; drew maps of the forests and block-houses that found their way to the king's cabinet; served with Montcalm in the attack upon Fort William Henry. With that the record is broken off: we can less definitely associate his name with the humiliation of the French in America than with their brief triumphs. Yet it is quite certain, says Robert de Crèvecoeur, his descendant, that he did not return to France with the rag-tag of the defeated army. Quebec fell before Wolfe's attack in September 1759; at some time in the course of the year 1760 we may suppose the young officer to have entered the British colonies, to have adopted his family name of "Saint John" (Saint-Jean), and to have gradually worked his way south, probably by the Hudson. The reader of the信很难想象他会喜欢他的边疆生活;也没有任何办法知道这种生活在多大程度上是他的财富。后来，他发现自己已经南下到了宾夕法尼亚州。他访问了希彭斯堡、兰开斯特和卡莱尔;也许他住在这些城镇中的一个或附近。许多年后，当他的儿子路易斯从利文斯通大臣那里购买了一个200英亩的农场，在蓝山附近的纳维斯克，Crèvecoeur老人仍然记得，可能就是在这个时期，他访问了这个地方。在蒙特卡姆手下服役期间，Crèvecoeur看到了五大湖和边远地区的一些景象;在他成为一名修行者之前，事实上，在他定居下来之后，他“像柏拉图一样旅行”，据他自己说，他甚至去过百慕大。然而，直到1764年，我们才有关于他下落的确凿证据;正是在那一年的四月，他在纽约拿到了入籍文件。 Some months later, he installed himself on the farm variously called Greycourt and Pine-Hill, in the same state; he drained a great marsh there, and seems to have practiced agriculture upon a generous scale. The certificate of the marriage of Crèvecoeur to Mehitable Tippet, of Yonkers is dated September 20, 1769, and of this union three children were the issue. And more than children: for with the marriage ceremony once performed by the worthy Tetard, a clergyman of New York, formerly settled over a French Reformed Church at Charleston, South Carolina, Crèvecoeur is more definitely than ever the "American Farmer"; he has thrown in his lot with that new country; his children are to be called after their parent's adopted name, Saint-John; the responsibilities of the adventurer are multiplied; his life in America has become a matter more easy to trace and richer, perhaps, in meaning.

这篇文章的主要目的很可能是__________．

改编自导言一位美国农民的来信(Crevecoeur;(1782)沃伦·巴顿·布莱克

除了归化，作者一位美国农民的来信他不是美国人，也不是普通的农民。然而，为什么要为他的书命名，或者为他的签名“J.赫克托·圣约翰”而争吵呢?在他的扉页和美国传记作家中，“赫克托”只是一个名字Prenom de faint？我们应该向这本如此迷人的书的作者——18世纪的梭罗——做出一些让步。他的生活当然比真实的梭罗更有趣，而且会比真实的梭罗更有趣，即使他的生活没有太多矛盾。我们对那种生活的记录是极不准确的;他自己对不止一件事情的日期也不准确。然而，记录表明Crèvecoeur属于诺曼底的娇小贵族。他的出生日期是1735年1月31日，地点是卡昂，他的全名(他的曾孙和传记作者担保)是米歇尔-纪尧姆-让·德Crèvecoeur。这孩子受到了很好的教育，但他的出生赋予了他应有的权利，他没有得到更多的关注;他在卡昂度过了他的童年时光，卡昂是他父亲的城镇住宅所在的地方，而杜山学院是耶稣会士让他接受教育的地方。一封1785年写给他孩子们的信，讲述了我们所知道的他学生时代的一切; though it is said, too, that he distinguished himself in mathematics. "If you only knew," the reminiscent father of a family exclaims in this letter, "in what shabby lodging, in what a dark and chilly closet, I was mewed up at your age; with what severity I was treated; how I was fed and dressed!" Already his powers of observation, that were so to distinguish him, were quickened by his old-world milieu.

“从我最年轻的时候起，”他在1803年写道，“我就热衷于收藏我遇到的所有古董:虫蛀的家具、挂毯、家庭肖像、哥特式手稿(我已经学会了如何破译)对我来说有一种说不出的魅力。不久之后，我喜欢在墓地的幽静处散步，检查坟墓，寻找长满青苔的墓志铭。我知道这个州的大部分教堂，知道它们建立的日期，知道它们所包含的有趣的图片和雕塑。”

这个男孩的准确而敏锐的观察天赋很快就要受到一类截然不同的物体的考验;在美国的森林里，不会有破碎的圣徒和卧房新郎的油画供他学习，不会有他的国家过去的伟大和他家族的荣誉的提醒。

从学校毕业后，这位未来的樵夫来到了英国。一个远房亲戚住在索尔兹伯里附近;出于这样或那样的原因，男孩被送到那里完成学业。他从英国出发，怀着我们不知道的动机，前往新世界，在那里度过他最繁忙和最快乐的日子。在《新美国文献》中，里奇发表声明说Crèvecoeur在纵泳时只有16岁，其他人也犯了同样的错误。这孩子的年龄实际上不少于十九或二十岁。根据家族传说，他的船在出海时停靠在里斯本;人们无法确定这是在大地震之前还是之后。然后去了新法兰西，在那里他加入了蒙特卡姆。他以军校学员身份入伍，后来晋升为中尉; was mentioned in the Gazette; shared in the French successes; drew maps of the forests and block-houses that found their way to the king's cabinet; served with Montcalm in the attack upon Fort William Henry. With that the record is broken off: we can less definitely associate his name with the humiliation of the French in America than with their brief triumphs. Yet it is quite certain, says Robert de Crèvecoeur, his descendant, that he did not return to France with the rag-tag of the defeated army. Quebec fell before Wolfe's attack in September 1759; at some time in the course of the year 1760 we may suppose the young officer to have entered the British colonies, to have adopted his family name of "Saint John" (Saint-Jean), and to have gradually worked his way south, probably by the Hudson. The reader of the信很难想象他会喜欢他的边疆生活;也没有任何办法知道这种生活在多大程度上是他的财富。后来，他发现自己已经南下到了宾夕法尼亚州。他访问了希彭斯堡、兰开斯特和卡莱尔;也许他住在这些城镇中的一个或附近。许多年后，当他的儿子路易斯从利文斯通大臣那里购买了一个200英亩的农场，在蓝山附近的纳维斯克，Crèvecoeur老人仍然记得，可能就是在这个时期，他访问了这个地方。在蒙特卡姆手下服役期间，Crèvecoeur看到了五大湖和边远地区的一些景象;在他成为一名修行者之前，事实上，在他定居下来之后，他“像柏拉图一样旅行”，据他自己说，他甚至去过百慕大。然而，直到1764年，我们才有关于他下落的确凿证据;正是在那一年的四月，他在纽约拿到了入籍文件。 Some months later, he installed himself on the farm variously called Greycourt and Pine-Hill, in the same state; he drained a great marsh there, and seems to have practiced agriculture upon a generous scale. The certificate of the marriage of Crèvecoeur to Mehitable Tippet, of Yonkers is dated September 20, 1769, and of this union three children were the issue. And more than children: for with the marriage ceremony once performed by the worthy Tetard, a clergyman of New York, formerly settled over a French Reformed Church at Charleston, South Carolina, Crèvecoeur is more definitely than ever the "American Farmer"; he has thrown in his lot with that new country; his children are to be called after their parent's adopted name, Saint-John; the responsibilities of the adventurer are multiplied; his life in America has become a matter more easy to trace and richer, perhaps, in meaning.

作者很可能是指Crèvecoeur对古董的兴趣，以便__________．

改编自英雄和英雄崇拜(1841)托马斯·卡莱尔著。

作为神的英雄，作为先知的英雄，都是旧时代的产物，不会在新的时代重现。它们以观念上的某种粗陋为前提，而这种粗陋是单纯科学知识的进步所消除的。如果人们在充满爱的惊奇中把他们的同伴想象成一个神或一个用神的声音说话的人，那么就需要有一个空白的、或几乎空白的科学形式的世界。神性和先知都已成为过去。现在，我们要以诗人的品格来看待我们的英雄，他的野心不大，但问题也不大;不通过的字符。诗人是属于各个时代的英雄人物;所有时代都拥有他，一旦他产生了，最新的时代也会像最古老的时代一样产生他，而且总是会在大自然乐意的时候产生他。让大自然送来一个英雄的灵魂;在任何时代，他都有可能被塑造成一个诗人。

英雄、先知、诗人——在不同的时间和地点，我们给伟人起了许多不同的名字;根据我们在他们身上注意到的种类，根据他们展示自己的范围!基于同样的原则，我们可以给出更多的名字。然而，我要再说一遍，作为一个理解起来并非不重要的事实，那就是不同球构成这种区别的伟大起源;英雄可以是诗人、先知、国王、牧师，或者任何你想要的身份，这取决于他发现自己出生在什么样的世界里。我承认，我认为一个真正伟大的人是不可能成为的所有各种各样的男人。一个只会坐在椅子上写诗节的诗人，他的诗节也不会有多大价值。他不会唱《英雄战士》，除非他自己至少也是一个英雄战士。我想在他身上有政治家，思想家，立法者，哲学家——在某种程度上，他可能是，他是所有这些人。我也不能理解，一个米拉波，有一颗炽热的心，有一颗炽热的心，有一颗炽热的心，有一颗泪流满面的心，他的生活和教育怎么会把他引向这个方向，却不能写出诗篇、悲剧和诗歌，并以这种方式打动所有人的心。伟大的基本品格是伟人的品格;那个人是伟大的。拿破仑的话就像奥斯特里茨战役。路易十四的元帅是一种富有诗意的人;杜伦说的话充满了睿智和亲切，就像塞缪尔·约翰逊所说的那样。 The great heart, the clear deep-seeing eye: there it lies; no man whatever, in what province soever, can prosper at all without these. Petrarch and Boccaccio did diplomatic messages, it seems, quite well; one can easily believe it; they had done things a little harder than these! Burns, a gifted song-writer, might have made a still better Mirabeau. Shakespeare—one knows not what他在最高的程度上是做不到的。

诚然，大自然也有天资。大自然不会以同样的方式造就所有的伟人，而不是以同样的方式造就所有的普通人。天资固然各有不同，但环境却多得多，最常见的是后者只有那些才有指望。但这就像普通人学习手艺一样。你找来任何一个人，哪怕他有一点能力，可以成为任何一种工匠，你把他培养成铁匠、木匠、泥瓦匠;从那时起，他就是这样，而不是别的。如果像艾迪生抱怨的那样，你有时会看到一个扛着纺锤柄蹒跚而行的搬运工，而附近有一个参孙一样身材的裁缝在摆弄着一块布和白教堂的小针，这也不能认为这里只参考了大自然的天赋!还有伟人，他要做什么学徒呢?给定你的英雄，他会成为征服者、国王、哲学家还是诗人?这是世界和他之间一场莫名其妙的复杂而有争议的算计!他将阅读世界和世界的法律;世界和它的法律将在那里被阅读。 What the world, on这正如我们所说的，事物的许可和投标是世界上最重要的事实。

诗人和先知在我们松散的现代概念上有很大的不同。在一些古老的语言中，标题是同义词;“Vates”是两者的意思先知而且诗人；事实上，在任何时候，先知和诗人都有许多相似的含义。实际上，它们在本质上还是一样的;尤其是在这一最重要的方面，他们已经把他们两个都渗透进了宇宙的神圣神秘之中;歌德称之为“公开的秘密”。其中一个问道:“哪一个才是最大的秘密?”“开放秘密，对所有人开放，却几乎无人知晓!那存在于一切存在之中的神圣的奥秘，用费希特的话说，就是“存在于现象底底的世界的神圣理念”;所有的表象，从星空到田野的青草，尤其是人类和他的工作的表象，都只是其中的表象衣裳即使其可见的化身。这神圣的奥秘是无论何时何地;真正地。在大多数时间和地方，它被大大忽视了;宇宙总是可以用一种或另一种方言来定义，就像上帝的思想一样，被认为是一种微不足道的、无生气的、平凡的东西——讽刺作家说，它仿佛是一件死的东西，是某个装饰匠拼凑起来的!在目前，这样做没有任何好处说话关于这一点，我们每一个人如果不了解它，永远活在知识中，那就太可惜了。真是一种最悲哀的遗憾——如果我们不是这样生活，那就完全是失败的生活!

第二段的主要功能是__________．

改编自英雄和英雄崇拜(1841)托马斯·卡莱尔著。

作为神的英雄，作为先知的英雄，都是旧时代的产物，不会在新的时代重现。它们以观念上的某种粗陋为前提，而这种粗陋是单纯科学知识的进步所消除的。如果人们在充满爱的惊奇中把他们的同伴想象成一个神或一个用神的声音说话的人，那么就需要有一个空白的、或几乎空白的科学形式的世界。神性和先知都已成为过去。现在，我们要以诗人的品格来看待我们的英雄，他的野心不大，但问题也不大;不通过的字符。诗人是属于各个时代的英雄人物;所有时代都拥有他，一旦他产生了，最新的时代也会像最古老的时代一样产生他，而且总是会在大自然乐意的时候产生他。让大自然送来一个英雄的灵魂;在任何时代，他都有可能被塑造成一个诗人。

英雄、先知、诗人——在不同的时间和地点，我们给伟人起了许多不同的名字;根据我们在他们身上注意到的种类，根据他们展示自己的范围!基于同样的原则，我们可以给出更多的名字。然而，我要再说一遍，作为一个理解起来并非不重要的事实，那就是不同球构成这种区别的伟大起源;英雄可以是诗人、先知、国王、牧师，或者任何你想要的身份，这取决于他发现自己出生在什么样的世界里。我承认，我认为一个真正伟大的人是不可能成为的所有各种各样的男人。一个只会坐在椅子上写诗节的诗人，他的诗节也不会有多大价值。他不会唱《英雄战士》，除非他自己至少也是一个英雄战士。我想在他身上有政治家，思想家，立法者，哲学家——在某种程度上，他可能是，他是所有这些人。我也不能理解，一个米拉波，有一颗炽热的心，有一颗炽热的心，有一颗炽热的心，有一颗泪流满面的心，他的生活和教育怎么会把他引向这个方向，却不能写出诗篇、悲剧和诗歌，并以这种方式打动所有人的心。伟大的基本品格是伟人的品格;那个人是伟大的。拿破仑的话就像奥斯特里茨战役。路易十四的元帅是一种富有诗意的人;杜伦说的话充满了睿智和亲切，就像塞缪尔·约翰逊所说的那样。 The great heart, the clear deep-seeing eye: there it lies; no man whatever, in what province soever, can prosper at all without these. Petrarch and Boccaccio did diplomatic messages, it seems, quite well; one can easily believe it; they had done things a little harder than these! Burns, a gifted song-writer, might have made a still better Mirabeau. Shakespeare—one knows not what他在最高的程度上是做不到的。

诚然，大自然也有天资。大自然不会以同样的方式造就所有的伟人，而不是以同样的方式造就所有的普通人。天资固然各有不同，但环境却多得多，最常见的是后者只有那些才有指望。但这就像普通人学习手艺一样。你找来任何一个人，哪怕他有一点能力，可以成为任何一种工匠，你把他培养成铁匠、木匠、泥瓦匠;从那时起，他就是这样，而不是别的。如果像艾迪生抱怨的那样，你有时会看到一个扛着纺锤柄蹒跚而行的搬运工，而附近有一个参孙一样身材的裁缝在摆弄着一块布和白教堂的小针，这也不能认为这里只参考了大自然的天赋!还有伟人，他要做什么学徒呢?给定你的英雄，他会成为征服者、国王、哲学家还是诗人?这是世界和他之间一场莫名其妙的复杂而有争议的算计!他将阅读世界和世界的法律;世界和它的法律将在那里被阅读。 What the world, on这正如我们所说的，事物的许可和投标是世界上最重要的事实。

诗人和先知在我们松散的现代概念上有很大的不同。在一些古老的语言中，标题是同义词;“Vates”是两者的意思先知而且诗人；事实上，在任何时候，先知和诗人都有许多相似的含义。实际上，它们在本质上还是一样的;尤其是在这一最重要的方面，他们已经把他们两个都渗透进了宇宙的神圣神秘之中;歌德称之为“公开的秘密”。其中一个问道:“哪一个才是最大的秘密?”“开放秘密，对所有人开放，却几乎无人知晓!那存在于一切存在之中的神圣的奥秘，用费希特的话说，就是“存在于现象底底的世界的神圣理念”;所有的表象，从星空到田野的青草，尤其是人类和他的工作的表象，都只是其中的表象衣裳即使其可见的化身。这神圣的奥秘是无论何时何地;真正地。在大多数时间和地方，它被大大忽视了;宇宙总是可以用一种或另一种方言来定义，就像上帝的思想一样，被认为是一种微不足道的、无生气的、平凡的东西——讽刺作家说，它仿佛是一件死的东西，是某个装饰匠拼凑起来的!在目前，这样做没有任何好处说话关于这一点，我们每一个人如果不了解它，永远活在知识中，那就太可惜了。真是一种最悲哀的遗憾——如果我们不是这样生活，那就完全是失败的生活!

作者提到拿破仑很可能是为了__________．