八月十三天

拉斐特、普拉斯基伯爵和星条旗军在莫兰宫的内沙米尼营地参加了美国革命，度过了非同寻常的13天

1777年8月10日，乔治·华盛顿将军和大陆军在宾夕法尼亚州巴克斯郡的沃里克乡扎营。莫兰家的农舍成了他的总部。在接下来的13天里，华盛顿一直呆在总部农场，大陆军负责监视英国侦察兵，并为战斗做准备。接下来的战役是白兰地酒战役和日耳曼敦战役。拉法耶特侯爵在这里加入了大陆军。他当时只有19岁。华盛顿对这个年轻人印象深刻，他们的友谊越来越像父子。拉斐特用他的权力和金钱来支持这个羽翼未丰的国家。美国国旗第一次在美国军队上空飘扬是在哪里?继续阅读…

八月十三天

海伦·格米尔

在大多数革命历史中，内沙米尼营地很快就被掩盖了。事实上，它持续了13天，1777年8月10日至23日，是宾夕法尼亚州第三长的营地，仅次于怀特马什和福吉谷。此外，这里也是Layfayette正式就任的地方，也是普拉斯基伯爵被介绍到华盛顿的地方，也是据说贝特西·罗斯的旗帜第一次飘扬的地方。

大陆军是如何走到十字路口的

在整个战争中，总司令从来没有像现在这样感到困惑和沮丧，因为他找不到敌人的位置。7月25日，他接到通知，停泊在纽约港的英国舰队已经启航——但它的目的地是哪里呢?豪将军是向北前往新英格兰，还是向南前往费城?华盛顿当时在新泽西州莫里斯敦附近扎营，他“猜测”舰队是开往费城的，于是他调动了军队，前往科耶尔渡口(现在的新希望)对面的特拉华河畔，等待进一步的消息。7月30日，一名信使到达，报告说在特拉华湾附近发现了英国舰队，华盛顿决定继续向这座城市进发。七月的最后一天，士兵们被摆渡过河，沿着约克路前进。他们中的一些人直接向日耳曼城进军，但麦克迈克尔中校在日记中写道，他的团“经过了鲍嘉酒馆”(现为白金汉的格林将军旅馆)，当晚“晚上7点在沃里克镇的十字路口”扎营。第二天早上(8月1日)，他们继续向城市进发，从来没有想到他们会在一周多一点的时间里回到同一个地方。他们横扫了克鲁克比勒(现在的哈特伯勒)，当天晚上到达了日耳曼敦附近斯库基尔瀑布上方的“平原”。当华盛顿视察费城的防御工事并与国会协商时，他们在这里扎营。 He also attended a dinner given in his honor, where he was introduced to the Marquis de Lafayette, who had recently arrived in the city. On the 8th Washington held a "grand review" of the troops. Lafayette also witnessed the review - his first sight of the American troops he was soon to join. Shortly the order was given to retrace their steps to Coryell's Ferry. Washington felt the location on the Delaware had the advantage of being close enough to protect Philadelphia as well as providing a head start toward the north, if that should prove to be Howe's aim. In any event, he wanted the troops pulled away from the city, because it afforded a temptation to both officers and men to "indulge themselves in licenses inconsistent with discipline and order, and consequently of a injurious tendency.". On the morning of the 10th they reached the Cross Roads (Hartsville), where they encamped at 6 P.M. Washington and his aides, meanwhile, galloped direct from Germantown. His party consisted of 27 men. Judging from the handwriting that appeared on the dispatches of the next two weeks, the officers included Alexander Hamilton, Richard Kidder Meade, Robert Hanson Harrison, Tench Tilghman, John Fitzgerald, Caleb Gibbs, and John Laurens.

华威镇位置

地点在约克路和布里斯托尔路的交汇处，是个好地方。它靠近内沙米尼河的西南分支，这对八月炎热的人们来说简直是天赐之物。这一带的河岸相当平坦，很容易到达水面。唯一的例外是在北部，约克路陡峭地延伸到克尔山(或卡尔山)，即使在那里也有它的优势，因为在这里，部队可以享受戴维斯的“历史”中所说的“北极漂移”，这种漂移至今仍从西部横扫沃里克山。此外，那座建于1756年的横跨小溪的桥，一定是一座坚固的桥，才值得在日期线上提及。不幸的是，在这个星期结束之前，大雨将把桥周围的低地变成沼泽。

当地人口

政治上，这个地区是理想的。周围乡村的人口几乎都是“苏格兰-爱尔兰人”，这在很大程度上要归功于不到半英里外的内沙米尼-沃里克长老会教堂(neshamini - warwick Presbyterian Church)，该教堂自1726年成立以来一直吸引着这群人。在殖民地的所有少数民族中，“苏格兰-爱尔兰人”(通常这样称呼，如果不准确的话)没有托利党，也没有和平主义者。他们是战斗血统的后裔，在南部和东部的不战斗的贵格会周围形成了一道防线。这些人向殖民者开放了他们的农舍和田地。毫无疑问，他们的爱国主义在十三天结束时有点紧张。

营地周围区域

不幸的是，当时对该地区的当代描述很少。“苏格兰-爱尔兰人”不像他们的贵格会邻居那样关心记录(财务记录是另一回事!)七年后的1784年进行的人口普查显示，沃里克镇(当时一直延伸到多伊尔斯敦)有609名白人，27名“黑人和奴隶”。当华盛顿在十字路口地区露营时，十字路口地区确实有三个设施(除了学校)，这些设施在他的信件中特别提到:一个教堂，一个酒馆和一个磨坊，所有这些都还在。内沙米尼-沃里克教堂在河下游半英里处。纳撒尼尔·欧文是当时的牧师，和他的大多数信徒一样，他是一个热情的爱国者。早在1744年，十字路口就有了一家酒馆。离费城只有一天的车程，在去纽约的路上，这是一个理想的旅行者停下来的地方。到1777年，四个角落都有了房子，酒馆的执照在十字路口来回跳了很多次。哈茨维尔酒店(Hartsville Hotel)在20世纪60年代被拆除，为一座加油站让路，人们普遍认为它就是露营期间信件中提到的那家酒馆。 However, a recent sudy of deeds and licenses reveals that Davis and Buck were correct when they said that in 1777 the tavern was "on the northwest corner, opposite the present one", and is, therefore, still standing. Furthernore, the tavern keeper was probably Adam Kerr, for four years later his petition for a license to "retail liquors by small measure" states that he has kept a "house of Publick Entertainment at the Crossroads...for several years past." The mill stands just south of the Bridge. In 1777 its owner was a non-resident, John Campbell, a Philadelphia merchant. Like other city dwellers, Campbell may have invested in real estate in the country as a precaution against British occupation of the city. Two years later hs sold the mill to George Miller, and it is tempting to speculate that Miller was operating it during the encampment, for one of Washington's orders commands a guard to be posted "over Mr. Miller's Oats, to consist of a Serjt and 10 men."

华盛顿选择一个总部

这座桥往北一点的地方是莫兰大厦，华盛顿在那里设立了他的总部。历史学家威廉·j·巴克(William J. Buck)在第一篇关于内沙米尼营地的文章中描述了这座房子。W.W.H.戴维斯(W.W.H. Davis)在他的第二版《巴克斯县历史》(1905)中有这样一段描述:“华盛顿住在约翰·莫兰(John Moland)的农舍里，莫兰后来去世了。”他把它称为“坚固的石头住宅……保存完好”，然后继续说:当华盛顿占领它时，主楼的一楼被分成两个房间，入口靠近厨房;较大的房间在南边(西边)，从门廊进入，较小的房间在后面。后者被认为是华盛顿的办公室，大一点的是接待室。每个房间里都有一个敞开的壁炉，然后像现在一样有一扇门通向厨房。六十年来，门廊没有任何变化，1777年至1778年可能也有类似的变化。巴克声称，在美国革命时期，这是“附近装修得最好的房子”。 Considering the fact that many structures in the mid-18th centry still consisted of one room downstairs and loft above, often built of logs, John Moland's stone house must have seemed palatial. John Moland was an important man in the province. Born in London about 1700, he studied law at the Inner Temple. Commissioned King's Attorney in Pennsylvania, he came here by way of the West Indies. The earliest record of him in this country is a deed of purchase in 1737, which refers to him as being "of the island of St. Christophers." The deed shows he bought 308 acres in Rockhill township in upper Bucks County from Thomas Freame, the husband of William Penn's daughter Margaret. About the same time he married Catherine Hutchinson, of New Castle, Delaware. In 1740 Moland petitioned the court in Newtown for admittance as attorney of the Court of Common Pleas, and was accepted "according to his request". During the next two decades his name appears in connection with cases before the Bucks County court, and several times he is referred to as "Justice." Sometime prior to 1742 he was admitted to the Philadelphia bar, and acquired a reputation of being one of its ablest members.

大陆军扎营

1777年8月10日那个炎热的星期天晚上，当华盛顿在寡妇莫兰的家中安顿下来时，军队已经在乡下各处搭起了帐篷。穿过老约克路就是格林将军的总部。巴克说，所有给军队的命令都贴在这儿，鞭笞柱就立在这儿，附近就是邮局。往东不远的布里斯托尔路上，在后来归乔治·贾米森少校所有的农场上，驻扎着斯特林勋爵的师。在布里斯托尔路上，在斯特林师对面，康威将军的宾夕法尼亚部队驻扎在这里，这里的牛也被放牧和屠宰，供军队使用。夏天早些时候，华盛顿曾下令，所有营地的屠宰栏都要离士兵们打算使用的溪流有一段距离，而且“内脏”每天要埋一次——只留下足够的油来润滑枪锁。虽然星期天晚上部队到达十字路口已经很晚了，但根据穆伦伯格将军的《命令手册》，发布的第一批命令之一是:“由于不确定我们要在现在的营地呆多久，士兵们要在帐篷前搭棚子，以躲避炎热。Qr。大师们应立即下令在适当和方便的地方挖地窖(厕所)....”这些“拱顶”将被“弓和灌木”伪装成一条线，通往营地的后方。 The men were reminded that at their previous encampment there had been complaints that the "Offensive smells" had become a "public nusence." Each brigade also set up its own bake oven which "by men that can understand it can be erected in a few hours". Bread baked in this way, the General claimed, would be "wholesomer than the sodden cakes which are by too commonly used." Although the flour turned out at the mill was fresh-ground, the bread that resulted in 1777 was hardly gourmet fare. Two weeks later Washington insisted that the Commissaries "supply the troops with hard bread. The present most common mode of supply, by issuing flour which they make into bad bread, not only injures their health, but is attended with delays sufficient to frustrate the most important, and well-formed enterprises." The soldiers were issued 5 ounces of soap a week. Washington was a stickler for cleanliness, urging that the men appear "decent and clean." Orders issued earlier in the summer cautioned about bathing "in the heat of the day," and warned them not to "stay long in the water at a time." However, he assured them that "bathing themselves moderately and washing their clothes are of infinite service." This concern led, of course, to the amusing legend that the general could be seen washing his own clothes in the Neshaminy.

日常的困难

华盛顿在这13天里处理的问题的范围是非同寻常的。8月11日，在他到达后的第二天早上，他似乎已经感觉到士兵们在炎热潮湿的天气中士气低落，因为他在第一批命令中就对他们在日耳曼敦营地的行为表示了“赞许”:他几乎没有听到关于破坏篱笆的抱怨。尽管，正如一位历史学家所说，这种“不寻常的道德”可能是由于炎热的天气(这打消了人们对柴火的欲望)，但将军相信，军官们“不知疲倦的行为”和“士兵们的良好性格”将避免未来的虐待。随后向总代表下达了一项命令，要求在军营中提供并保存“精神烈酒”，以便“在服务的紧急情况下”发给士兵。当时酒的价格过高，主要是由于卖酒给军队的走私者赚取了高额利润。因此，华盛顿还下令从每个团中招募一个官员委员会，调查应该让走私者满意的价格，并报告他们的发现。然后注意力转向了逃兵问题。报告应立即送交准将，以便追捕罪犯并将其绳之以法。就连马也来表达他们的关切。穆伦伯格将军的《命令书》继续写道:“许多轻骑兵的马由于骑手的极端粗心和放纵而失去了速度，总司令明确地命令，除非在执勤时，骑兵兵团的非指挥官或士兵不得骑上他的马，除非在他的军官的指导下进行锻炼，否则不得跳跃或奔跑。” Gen. Conway's brigade was ordered to fire their blank cartridges at 5 P.M. "in the way of exersise." All marching, parading, and exercising was to be done after the heat of the day. Before the day was over, John Dyer, of Dyerstown (just north of Doylestown) visited the camp. His journal entry reads: "I saw the American army Encamped near or at the Cross Roads; consisting of about 18,000 men in Bucks County." (Lafayette's estimate of 11,000 is generally considered more accurate.) On Tuesday, August 12th, the orders continued to pour forth from the Moland house. Among others, the Major Generals were commanded to fit up as many armories as were required to keep the arms of their troops in repair, with one or two traveling forges to accompany each division. By the 13th, the people from the neighboring countryside began to appear at the camp with fresh vegetables. This pleased the Commander-in-Chief, because, as he had said earlier in the summer, "Nothing can be more comfortable and wholesome than vegetables, [and] every encouragement is to be given to the country people to bring them in, the least insult to them will be severly punished." Fortunately for the inhabitants of Warwick, the soldiers were on their best behavior, for Henry Laurens wrote his father that "we hear very few complaints from those immediately about us of the violation of private property." At the end of the day Col. Pickering could not resist a few comments about the Bucks County weather. "Such continual melting hot weather," he complained, "is unknown in new England. We...had frequent showers of rain and this day some severe thunder."

英国人在哪里?

那天是8月16日，星期六，英国人的下落仍然没有消息;所以华盛顿把注意力转向了纽约州的战事。在给普特南将军的一份公报中，他写道，他将派遣摩根上校的步枪兵团协助北方军队对抗印第安人，因为他们将“以自己的方式与印第安人作战”。他一向是个军事战略家，他补充说:“500人是摩根军团的真正兵力，但如果你透露他们的兵力是这个数字的两倍，就能达到一个很好的目的。”然后，假定难以捉摸的敌人很快就会被发现，于是公布了一份常备条例清单。出发的命令是仔细拟定的，先锋队和技工队要先去“修理道路，清除任何可能妨碍行军路线的障碍物”。那天晚上六点钟，两个会说法语的“清醒、诚实的小伙子”被派到总部去——“如果能找到的话”。很显然，今晚要和法国工程师讨论防御工事。华盛顿和他的工作人员在莫兰的房子里度过了漫长的一天，从黎明开始，经常到午夜之后才结束。1777年8月17日是个星期天。 Washington had been at the Crossroads nearly a week. Gen. Green wrote Gen. Varnum: "Our situation is not a little awkward - buried in the country, out of hearing of the enemy. His excellency is exceedingly impatient; but it is said, if Philadelphia is lost, all, all is ruined." To add to the discomfort of the troops, there had been heavy rains, causing the creek to rise and the ground to become saturated. To help counteract the dampness, Washington issued the following General Orders: "The ground being very wet, the Quarter Master General is to procure as much straw (from which the grain has been threshed) as possible, and distribute the same in the most equal manner among the troops....A gill of rum, or other spirit is to be issued to-day, to each non-commissioned officer, soldier and waggoner." It was Monday, August 18, and still no word of a sighting of the British fleet. Although preoccupied with Indians in New York, Congress in Philadelphia, enthusiastic would-be Major Generals in Paris, and unhealthy humidity along the Neshaminy, Washington took the time to acknowledge receipt of a treatise on war which had been sent him for comment, and to congratulate a young man on his intended marriage.

拉斐特加入大陆军

19日星期二，拉斐特从“内沙米尼桥”给本杰明·哈里森写了一封信，把他带到了现场。从“各种暗示”来看，华盛顿确信，一旦拉法耶特准备好了，他就希望得到一个师的实际指挥权。习惯了外国人期望指导未成熟的殖民地人学习复杂的战争艺术，将军对一个宣称自己“是来学习的，不是来教的”的年轻人印象深刻。信的结尾写道，侯爵当时在费城，但“预计今天或明天会到”。包括巴克在内的一些历史学家认为，拉斐特早在此之前就到达了营地，并带着给国会的一封信短暂返回费城。无论如何，他19日的到来得到了皮克林上校的证实:“将军家族最近又多了一位成员，法国第一家族之一的拉法耶特侯爵……一位彬彬有礼的年轻绅士，拥有一大笔财富，一个和平的国家，还有一位妻子....”拉法耶特和他的助手们住在哪里是一种猜测。根据邻里的传统，他们住在教堂对面的一座石砌农舍里。甚至在1912年，邻近的Log College Assembly Inn(前身为老的tenent School)发出的宣传册也在宣传租“旧殖民时期的房子，据说华盛顿是这里的客人，拉斐特是这里的总部。”如果拉斐特能听到这座房子在一个半世纪后被命名为“阿尔塔-远景——在三棵巨大的梧树下——在树林边”，他的英语一定会受到挑战。

第十天

现在是8月20日，扎营的第十天。垃圾开始堆积起来，营里的有色人种被命令把它们埋起来。两个星期以来，一直没有敌人舰队的可靠消息，从列兵到将军，在八月令人沮丧的潮湿天气中，每个人都感到不安。第二天早上，华盛顿在莫兰家的接待室召开了一次军事会议。除了总司令之外，出席会议的还有格林、斯特林、斯蒂芬和拉斐特等少将;以及麦克斯韦、诺克斯、韦恩、穆伦伯格、威登、伍德福德、斯科特和康威准将。这是拉法耶特第一次出现在决策小组。会议的结论是，豪很可能是在策划袭击查尔斯顿，由于美国人不可能及时赶到保护查尔斯顿，他们应该立即前往北哈德逊河，要么袭击纽约，要么袭击伯戈因将军。任何一种情况的成功都将有助于抵消南部地区的损失。当天下午，哈米尔顿上校把委员会的审议结果和结论副本交给了国会，他被命令“把他们的意见结果带回来”。 In a postscript the General added: "That I may not appear inconsistent to advise and to act, before I obtain an Opinion, I beg leave to mention that I shall move the Army to the Delaware, tomorrow Morning, to change their Ground at any rate, as their present Encampment begins to be disagreeable and would injure their Health in a short time. Our forage also begins to grow scarce here." The Warwick countryside was beginning to feel the effects of supporting 11,000 men and their horses. At 3 P.M. the afternoon of the 21st young Col. Hamilton dashed into the hall of Congress with Washington's report. After reading it, Congress adjourned for two hours. By a strange coincidence, only that morning word had been received in Philadelphia that the British fleet of "upwards of one hundred sail" had been seen the night of the 14th in the Chesapeake Bay. This intelligence had been immediately forwarded to Washington, but the courier must have passed Hamilton en route. Since no further news of the fleet had been received during the day, when Congress reassembled at 5 P.M. that evening it passed a resolution approving Washington's plan, and giving him permission to act "as circumstances require." Meanwhile Washington instigated preparations to march towards Coryell's Ferry. In settling the accounts, a bill was paid for butter, potatoes, cucumbers, beets, cabbage, milk, chickens, a large "foul", eggs and "sower milk" - all listed as "Articles had of the Woman at Whose house the Gen. Lived at Cross Roads." Certainly the widow Moland could use the money!在那个繁忙的日子里，一位重要的来访者出现在总部。普拉斯基伯爵在莫兰庄园受到本杰明·富兰克林的接待，信中介绍他是一位“有品格和军事才能”的绅士。华盛顿注意到普拉斯基“应自己的要求，把我的信作为介绍信”，于是派他去见汉考克总统和乔治·克莱默。普拉斯基的到来也受到了拉斐特的欢迎，因为他带来了侯爵自6月离开法国以来收到的第一封妻子阿德里安娜的信。他们有一个孩子，叫亨利埃特，现在正期待着第二个孩子。所以这个年轻人渴望得到消息。虽然8月21日是13天中最有趣的一天，因为它召开了战争会议，引进了普拉斯基，准备进军，但它却以令人扫兴的方式结束了。当国会的信使终于带来了舰队在切萨皮克号上被发现的消息时，华盛顿谨慎地决定取消他的行军命令。他向国会转达了另一份公报:“我很荣幸今天上午收到你们的公报……因此，我将在目前的地点停下来，直到我听到进一步的消息。”他不情愿地在莫兰家又住了一个晚上。 August 22nd dawned with no indication that by the end of the day the suspense would finally be over. The Brigadiers and officers were ordered to assemble the next morning at 9 A.M. "at the tavern by the cross roads, to consider of the reports made to them relative to the prices of liquors sold by the sutlers." The tavern keeper, Adam Kerr, could hardly have resisted eavesdropping, when he heard the subject under discussion! In the meantime word was received that morning in Philadephia that the fleet had again been sighted, this time "high up" in the northeast part of the Chesapeake. Obviously Gen. Howe intended to make a landing in Maryland, then march on the city. His "strange route," as Washington referred to it, had been caused by "contrary" winds. When this long-awaited news was relayed to the Neshaminy headquarters, the camp suddenly roused from its lethargy (even the sentinels had been sitting at their posts) and became a beehive of activity. Congress was informed that the army would march in the early morning toward Philadelphia, then continue south, where it would be joined by other units. In the midst of the bustle of breaking camp a messenger galloped in with news of Gen. Stark's victory at Bennington. An elated Washington immediately had a bulletin posted, informing the troops that their brothers-in-arms had behaved in a "very brave and heroic manner."

迁出命令

最后，军队接到命令，如果天不下雨，第二天早上出发，行军的顺序和前一天完全一样。三十个人跟随在行李的后面，“把掉队的人接起来，并确保病人不会被忽视。”凌晨4点。8月23日，美军主力开始撤出内沙米尼营地。11000名衣衫褴褛的人，其中一些穿着从死者身上剥下来的英国制服，沿着约克路向费城走去。他们带着国会两个月前正式采用的“星条旗”，据说这是第一次在这里展示。格林将军的师走在最前面，从泥泞的草地上沿着小溪，经过格林的指挥部、鞭笞柱和过去12天里总命令发布的地方。他们后面跟着山上的军队，还有詹姆斯·华莱士领地上的军队。他们走过磨坊，然后爬上小山丘，来到十字路口的酒馆。在这里，斯特灵将军和康威将军的部队从布里斯托尔路向东开进来，病人则从西边用大车从教堂运来，留给9点钟开庭的军事法庭。 If Lafayette was indeed quartered across Meetinghouse Road from the church, he probably waited for Washington and his staff to leave the Moland house and cross the Neshaminy bridge for the last time. The inhabitants of Warwick and Warminster must have whistled the tune played by the fifers. Even Washington had admitted not long before that the local people "dread our halting among them even for a night, and are happy when they get rid of us." Before he left, Washington had one final duty to perform. An entry in his account book reads: "To cash paid Mrs. Moland for her furniture etc. - £5.5s." The last notation of August 23rd proves him the perfect guest: "To cash paid woman for Cleaning the Kitchen - £1.2s. 6P." 版权所有，1995年巴克郡历史协会。版权所有。