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AP Calculus BC : Functions, Graphs, and Limits

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Calculus BC

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Example Questions

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Example Question #1 :Parametric Form

Rewrite as a Cartesian equation:

$x = t^{2} + 2t + 1, y = t^{2} - 2t + 1, t \in [-1, 1]$

Possible Answers:

y = x+2

$y = x + 4 + 4\sqrt{x}$

y = x - 2

$y = x + 4 - 4\sqrt{x}$

$y = x - 4 - 4\sqrt{x}$

Correct answer:

$y = x + 4 - 4\sqrt{x}$

Explanation:

$x = t^{2} + 2t + 1$

$x = \left ( t + 1\right )^{2}$

$\pm \sqrt{x} = t + 1$

$\sqrt{x} = t + 1$ or $-\sqrt{x} = t + 1$

We are restrictingto values on $\left [ -1, 1\right ]$ , so t + 1 is nonnegative; we choose

$\sqrt{x} = t + 1$ .

Also,

$y = t^{2} - 2t + 1$

$y= \left ( t - 1\right )^{2}$

$\sqrt{y} = \pm \left ( t - 1\right )$

$\sqrt{y} = t- 1$ or $-\sqrt{y} = t- 1$

We are restrictingto values on $\left [ -1, 1\right ]$ , so t - 1 is nonpositive; we choose

$-\sqrt{y} = t- 1$

or equivalently,

$\sqrt{y} = -t+ 1$

to make t - 1 nonpositive.

Then,

$\sqrt{x}+ \sqrt{y} = (t + 1) + (-t + 1)$

and

$\sqrt{x}+ \sqrt{y} = 2$

$\sqrt{y} = 2 - \sqrt{x}$

$y =\left ( 2 - \sqrt{x} \right )^2$

$y = 4 - 4\sqrt{x} + \left (\sqrt{x} \right )^{2}$

$y = x + 4 - 4\sqrt{x}$

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Example Question #1 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Rewrite as a Cartesian equation:

$x =10^ {t}, y = \sinh t, t \in (0,\infty )$

Possible Answers:

$y = \frac{ x ^{2 \log e} -1}{ x ^{2 \log e} + 1}$

$y = \frac{ x ^{2 \log e} }{2 x ^{\log e}}$

$y = \frac{ x ^{2 \log e} +1}{2 x ^{\log e}}$

$y = \frac{ x ^{2 \log e} -1}{2 x ^{\log e}}$

$y = \frac{ 2x ^{2 \log e} -1}{2 x ^{\log e}}$

Correct answer:

$y = \frac{ x ^{2 \log e} -1}{2 x ^{\log e}}$

Explanation:

$y = \sinh t = \frac{e ^{2t} -1}{2e ^{t}} = \frac{\left (e ^{ t} \right) ^{2} -1}{2e ^{t}}$

$e^{t} = 10 ^{\log e \cdot t} =\left ( 10 ^{ t} \right )^{\log e} = x ^{\log e}$ , so

$y = \frac{\left ( x ^{\log e} \right) ^{2} -1}{2 x ^{\log e}}= \frac{ x ^{2 \log e} -1}{2 x ^{\log e}}$

This makes the Cartesian equation

$y = \frac{ x ^{2 \log e} -1}{2 x ^{\log e}}$ .

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Example Question #3 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

If x=3+t and y=4t+7 , what isin terms of(rectangular form)?

Possible Answers:

y=4x-7

y=4x-3

y=4x-2

y=4x-12

y=4x-5

Correct answer:

y=4x-5

Explanation:

Given x=3+t and y=4t+7 , we can findin terms ofby isolatingin both equations:

$x=3+t\rightarrow t=x-3$

$y=4t+7\rightarrow t=\frac{y-7}{4}$

Since both of these transformations equal, we can set them equal to each other:

$\frac{y-7}{4}=x-3$

y-7=4(x-3)

y-7=4x-12

y=4x-5

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Example Question #4 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Given x=t+10 and y=2t-9 , what is the arc length between $0\leqt\leq t\leq4$ ?

Possible Answers:

$2\sqrt{5}$

$4\sqrt{5}$

$5\sqrt{5}$

$3\sqrt{5}$

$\sqrt{5}$

Correct answer:

$4\sqrt{5}$

Explanation:

In order to find the arc length, we must use the arc length formula for parametric curves:

$L=\int_{a}^{b}\sqrt{\left(\frac{dx}{dt}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^{2}}dt$ .

Given x=t+10 and y=2t-9 , we can use using the Power Rule

$\frac{d}{dx}x^{n}=nx^{n-1}$ for all $n\neq0$ , to derive

$\frac{dx}{dt}=(1)t^{1-1}+(0)10=1$ and

$\frac{dy}{dt}=(1)2t^{1-1}-(0)9=2$ .

Plugging these values and our boundary values forinto the arc length equation, we get:

$L=\int_{0}^{4}\sqrt{(1)^{2}+(2)^{2}}dt$

$L=\int_{0}^{4}(\sqrt{1+4})dt$

$L=\int_{0}^{4}(\sqrt{5})dt$

Now, using the Power Rule for Integrals

$\int x^{n}dx=\frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1}$ for all $n\neq0$ ,

we can determine that:

$L=[t\sqrt{5}]_{0}^{4}\textrm{}dt$

$L=(4)\sqrt{5}-(0)\sqrt{5}$

$L=4\sqrt{5}$

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Example Question #5 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Given x=4t-5 and y=6t+2 , what is the length of the arc from $0\leq t\leq2$ ?

Possible Answers:

$7\sqrt{13}$

$4\sqrt{13}$

$6\sqrt{13}$

$3\sqrt{13}$

$5\sqrt{13}$

Correct answer:

$4\sqrt{13}$

Explanation:

In order to find the arc length, we must use the arc length formula for parametric curves:

$L=\int_{a}^{b}\sqrt{\left(\frac{dx}{dt}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^{2}}dt$ .

Given x=4t-5 and y=6t+2 , we can use using the Power Rule

$\frac{d}{dx}x^{n}=nx^{n-1}$ for all $n\neq0$ , to derive

$\frac{dx}{dt}=(1)4t^{1-1}-(0)5=4$ and

$\frac{dy}{dt}=(1)6t^{1-1}+(0)2=6$ .

Plugging these values and our boundary values forinto the arc length equation, we get:

$L=\int_{0}^{2}(\sqrt{(4)^{2}+(6)^{2}}dt$

$L=\int_{0}^{2}(\sqrt{16+36})dt$

$L=\int_{0}^{2}(\sqrt{52})dt$

$L=\int_{0}^{2}(\sqrt{4\times13})dt$

$L=\int_{0}^{2}(2\sqrt{13})dt$

Now, using the Power Rule for Integrals

$\int x^{n}dx=\frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1}$ for all $n\neq0$ ,

we can determine that:

$L=[2t\sqrt{13}]_{0}^{2}\textrm{}$

$L=2(2)\sqrt{13}-2(0)\sqrt{13}$

$L=4\sqrt{13}$

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Example Question #6 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Find the length of the following parametric curve

$x=e^{t}cos(t)$ , $y=e^{t}sin(t)$ , $0\leq t \leq 2 \pi$ .

Possible Answers:

$e^{t}cos(t)$

$\sqrt{2}\left ( e^{2 \pi}-1}\right )$

sin(t)+cos(t)

$e^{2 \pi}$

Correct answer:

$\sqrt{2}\left ( e^{2 \pi}-1}\right )$

Explanation:

The length of a curve is found using the equation $L=\int_{\alpha }^{\beta }\sqrt{\left ( \frac{dx}{dt} \right )^{2}+\left ( \frac{dy}{dt} \right )^{2}}dt$

We use the product rule,

$\frac{d}{dt}(a*b)=a\frac{db}{dt}+b\frac{da}{dt}$ , whenandare functions of,

the trigonometric rule,

$\frac{d}{dt}[cos(t)]=-sin(t)$ and $\frac{d}{dt}[sin(t)]=cos(t)$

and exponential rule,

$\frac{d}{dt}[e^{t}]=e^{t}$ to find $\frac{dx}{dt}$ and $\frac{dy}{dt}$ .

In this case

$x=e^{t}cos(t)$ , $y=e^{t}sin(t)$

$\frac{dx}{dt}=\frac{d}{dt}e^{t}cos(t)=e^{t}\frac{d}{dt}cos(t)+cos(t)\frac{d}{dt}e^{t}$

$=e^{t}*(-sin(t))+cos(t)*e^{t}=e^{t}cos(t)-e^{t}sin(t)$

$\frac{dy}{dt}=\frac{d}{dt}e^{t}sin(t)=e^{t}\frac{d}{dt}sin(t)+sin(t)\frac{d}{dt}e^{t}$

$=e^{t}cos(t)+sin(t)*e^{t}=e^{t}cos(t)+e^{t}sin(t)$

$\alpha=0, \beta=2\pi$

The length of this curve is

$L=\int_{0}^{2\pi }\sqrt{\left (e^{t}cos(t)-e^{t}sin(t)\right )^{2}+\left (e^{t}cos(t)+e^{t}sin(t)\right )^{2}}dt$

Using the identity $(a\pm b)^{2}=a^{2}\pm2ab+b^{2}$

$L=\int_{0}^{2\pi }\sqrt{\binom{\left (e^{2t}cos^{2}(t)-2e^{t}cos(t)e^{t}sin(t)+e^{2t}sin^{2}(t)\right )}{\left +(e^{2t}cos^{2}(t)+2e^{t}cos(t)e^{t}sin(t)+e^{2t}sin^{2}(t)\right)}dt}$

$=\int_{0}^{2\pi }\sqrt{(2e^{2t}cos^{2}(t)+2e^{2t}sin^{2}(t))dt}$

$=\int_{0}^{2\pi }\sqrt{2e^{2t}(cos^{2}(t)+sin^{2}(t))dt}$

Using the identity $\sqrt{a*b}=\sqrt{a}\sqrt{b}$

$L=\int_{0}^{2\pi }\sqrt{2e^{2t}} \sqrt{cos^{2}(t)+sin^{2}(t)dt}$

Using the trigonometric identity $sin^{2}(at)+cos^{2}(at)=1$ whereis a constant and $e^{2t}=(e^{t})^2$

$=\int_{0}^{2\pi }\sqrt{2}e^{t}dt}=\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi }e^{t}dt}$

Using the exponential rule, $\int e^{t}dt}=e^{t}$

$\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi }e^{t}dt}=\sqrt{2}e^{t}|_{0}^{2\pi}=\sqrt{2}\left ( e^{2 \pi}-e^{0}}\right )$

Using the exponential rule, $e^{0}=1$ , gives us the final solution

$L=\sqrt{2}\left ( e^{2 \pi}-1}\right )$

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Example Question #1 :Parametric Form

Finddy/dxat the point corresponding to the given value of the parameter without eliminating the parameter:

$x=5\sec(t),y=3\tan(t), t=\frac{\pi}{6}$

Possible Answers:

$\frac{6}{5}$

$\frac{10}{3}$

$\frac{3}{10}$

$\frac{5}{6}$

$10\sqrt3$

Correct answer:

$\frac{6}{5}$

Explanation:

The formula fordy/dxfor parametric equations is given as:

$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{\frac{dy}{dt}}{\frac{dx}{dt}}$

From the problem statement:

$\frac{dy}{dt}=3\sec^2(t),\frac{dx}{dt}=5\sec(t)\tan(t)$

If we plug these into the above equation we end up with:

$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{3\sec^2(t)}{5\sec(t)\tan(t)}=\frac{3\sec(t)}{5\tan(t)}=\frac{3\frac{1}{cos(t)}}{5\frac{sin(t)}{cos(t)}}$

$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{3}{5}\frac{1}{\cos(t)}\frac{\cos(t)}{\sin(t)}=\frac{3}{5}\frac{1}{\sin(t)}$

If we plug in our given value for t, we end up with:

$\frac{3}{5}\frac{1}{\sin(\frac{\pi}{6})}=\frac{3}{5}\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{3}{5}*2=\frac{6}{5}$

This is one of the answer choices.

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Example Question #1 :Graphing Polar Form

Draw the graph of $r=sin\theta$ from $0\leq \theta \leq2\pi$ .

Possible Answers:

R_sinx_1

R_cosx

R_sin2x

R_sinx

Faker_cosx

Correct answer:

R_sinx

Explanation:

Betweenand $\frac{\pi }{2}$ , the radius approachesfrom.

From $\frac{\pi }{2}$ to $\pi$ the radius goes fromto.

Between $\pi$ and $\frac{3\pi }{2}$ , the curve is redrawn in the opposite quadrant, the first quadrant as the radius approaches.

From $\frac{3\pi }{2}$ and $2\pi$ , the curve is redrawn in the second quadrant as the radius approachesfrom.

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Example Question #8 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Draw the graph of $r=sin(2\theta )$ where $0\leq \theta \leq2\pi$ .

Possible Answers:

R_cos2x

R_sin2x

R_sinx_1

Faker_cosx

R_sinx

Correct answer:

R_sin2x

Explanation:

Because this function has a period of $\pi$ , the amplitude of the graph y=sin(2x) appear at a reference angle of $\frac{\pi }{4}$ (angles halfway between the angles of the axes).

Betweenand $\frac{\pi }{4}$ the radius approaches 1 from 0.

Between $\frac{\pi }{4}$ and $\frac{\pi }{2}$ , the radius approaches 0 from 1.

From $\frac{\pi }{2}$ to $\frac{3\pi }{4}$ the radius approaches -1 from 0 and is drawn in the opposite quadrant, the fourth quadrant because it has a negative radius.

Between $\frac{3\pi }{4}$ and $\pi$ , the radius approaches 0 from -1, and is also drawn in the fourth quadrant.

From $\pi$ and $\frac{5\pi }{4}$ , the radius approaches 1 from 0. Between $\frac{5\pi }{4}$ and $\frac{3\pi }{2}$ , the radius approaches 0 from 1.

Then between $\frac{3\pi }{2}$ and $\frac{7\pi }{4}$ the radius approaches -1 from 0. Because it is a negative radius, it is drawn in the opposite quadrant, the second quadrant. Likewise, as the radius approaches 0 from -1. Between $\frac{7\pi }{4}$ and $2\pi$ , the curve is drawn in the second quadrant.

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Example Question #9 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Graph $r^2=cos(2\theta )$ where $0\leq \theta \leq2\pi$ .

Possible Answers:

R2_cos2x

R_cos2x

R_sin2x

R2_sin2x

R_cosx

Correct answer:

R2_cos2x

Explanation:

Taking the graph of y=cos(2x) , we only want the areas in the positive first quadrant because the radius is squared and cannot be negative.

This leaves us with the areas fromto $\frac{\pi }{4}$ , $\frac{3\pi }{4}$ to $\frac{5\pi }{4}$ , and $\frac{7\pi }{4}$ to $2\pi$ .

Then, when we take the square root of the radius, we get both a positive and negative answer with a maximum and minimum radius of $\pm 1$ .

To draw the graph, the radius is 1 atand traces to 0 at $\frac{\pi }{4}$ . As well, the negative part of the radius starts at -1 and traces to zero in the opposite quadrant, the third quadrant.

From $\frac{3\pi }{4}$ to $\pi$ , the curves are traced from 0 to 1 and 0 to -1 in the fourth quadrant. Following this pattern, the graph is redrawn again from the areas included in $\pi$ to $2\pi$ .

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AP Calculus BC : Functions, Graphs, and Limits

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Calculus BC

All AP Calculus BC Resources

Example Questions

Example Question #1 :Parametric Form

Example Question #1 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Example Question #3 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Example Question #4 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Example Question #5 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Example Question #6 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Example Question #1 :Parametric Form

Finddy/dxat the point corresponding to the given value of the parameter without eliminating the parameter:

Example Question #1 :Graphing Polar Form

Example Question #8 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

Example Question #9 :Parametric, Polar, And Vector Functions

All AP Calculus BC Resources

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